Tech With Your Friend

       Network Topologies 1. Bus Topology Structure: All devices connect to a single shared cable called the Backbone . Termination: Both ends must have 50-ohm terminators to absorb signals. Without them, signals bounce back (Signal Reflection), causing collisions and data loss. Cabling Standards: 10Base5 (Thicknet): Max length 500m . Used for older backbones. 10Base2 (Thinnet): Max length 185m . Used for individual PC connections. Access Method: CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). Pros: Easy to set up for very small, temporary networks. Cons: If the backbone cable breaks, the entire network fails. Hard to troubleshoot. Current Status: Obsolete. 2. Ring Topology Structure: Each node is connected to two others, forming a continuous loop. Working (Token Passing): A logical "Token" frame moves around the ring. Only the device holding the token can transmit data, which eliminates collisions . Redundancy (Dual Ring): Used in FDD...

  Network Devices HUB Hardware device Open standard Non-manageable device Provides continuous broadcasting (sends data to all ports) Works on Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI Model No MAC learning capability Single collision domain and single broadcast domain Half-duplex communication Obsolete (not used in modern networks due to inefficiency) SWITCH Intelligent device Works on MAC addresses Operates on Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI Model Used to create and manage LAN networks Ethernet Family Ethernet – 10 Mbps Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps 10 Gigabit Ethernet – 10 Gbps (corrected from Terabit) MAC Address Hexadecimal format (0–9, A–F) 48-bit address (6 bytes) Each hex value = 4 bits Example: A1:...